【论著】| LINC01410促进食管鳞状细胞癌细胞增殖和迁移的作用及其机制研究
时间:2024-10-17 14:00:32 热度:37.1℃ 作者:网络
[摘要] 背景与目的:LINC01410是长度为647 bp的长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA),其异常表达参与多种肿瘤的发生、发展,但其对食管鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,ESCC)的影响研究较少。本研究旨在探讨LINC01410促进ESCC细胞增殖和迁移的作用机制,以期为防治ESCC提供生物标志物及潜在治疗靶点。方法:应用基因表达谱交互分析2(Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2,GEPIA2)在线分析LINC01410在肿瘤与癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)ESCC数据中的表达水平及与患者预后总生存期的关系;采用基因探针富集分析(Gene Set Enrichment Analysis,GSEA)LINC01410可能调控的信号转导通路。收集2020年1月—2021年12月在新乡医学院第一附属医院、平顶山市第一人民医院胸外科行根治性手术的ESCC患者新鲜肿瘤组织标本62例,并选取癌旁组织作为对照。本项目经医院伦理委员会批准(新乡医学院第一附属医院,编号:2018036;平顶山市第一人民医院,编号:2019-018)。本研究采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RTFQ-PCR)检测LINC01410的表达水平并分析其与临床病理学参数的关系。应用LV-NC、LV-over/LINC01410转染EC109细胞并建立稳定过表达细胞株EC109/NC、EC109/OE,采用shRNA-NC、shRNA-LINC01410转染EC9706细胞并建立稳定敲降细胞株EC9706/NC、EC9706/KD;应用RTFQ-PCR检测LINC01410的相对表达量;采用噻唑蓝比色法[3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide,MTT]实验和克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖;采用transwell实验检测细胞迁移能力;采用双荧光素酶报告基因实验检测LINC01410对T细胞因子/淋巴增强因子1(T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor 1,TCF/LEF1)启动子活性的影响;采用蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)检测Wnt/β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)信号转导通路、上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)信号转导通路相关蛋白表达水平。结果:GEPIA2分析显示,在ESCC组织中LINC01410表达水平显著高于食管正常组织,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。生存分析显示,高表达LINC01410的ESCC患者生存率显著低于低表达LINC01410的患者(P=0.042)。RTFQ-PCR检测结果显示,在ESCC组织中LINC01410表达水平显著高于配对癌旁组织;LINC01410高表达与肿瘤浸润程度、淋巴结转移及TNM分期显著相关(P<0.01);与食管正常上皮细胞HEEC相比,LINC01410在EC109、EC9706细胞中显著高表达(P<0.05);LINC01410在EC109/OE细胞中显著高表达(P<0.01),而在EC9706/KD细胞中显著下调(P<0.01)。MTT结果显示,EC109/OE细胞48 h时细胞活性显著高于EC109/NC细胞(P<0.01);EC9706/KD细胞48 h时细胞活性显著低于EC9706/NC(P<0.01)。细胞克隆形成实验结果显示,与EC109/NC细胞相比,EC109/OE细胞克隆数显著增多;与EC9706/NC细胞相比,EC9706/KD细胞克隆数明显减少(P<0.01)。Transwell迁移实验结果显示,EC109/OE细胞株迁移的细胞数显著多于EC109/NC细胞(P<0.01),而EC9706/KD细胞迁移的细胞数显著少于EC9706/NC细胞(P<0.01)。GSEA分析显示,Wnt/β-catenin、EMT等信号转导通路显著富集在高表达LINC01410的ESCC组织中。双荧光素酶报告基因实验结果示,EC109/OE细胞中TCF/LEF1启动子活性显著高于EC109/NC细胞,EC9706/KD细胞中TCF/LEF1启动子活性显著低于EC9706/NC细胞(P<0.01)。Western blot检测结果显示,与EC109/NC细胞相比,EC109/OE细胞中E-cadherin蛋白表达下调,而N-cadherin、β-cantenin、cyclin D1、c-Myc等蛋白显著上调;与EC9706/NC细胞相比,E-cadherin蛋白表达上调,而N-cadherin、β-cantenin、cyclin D1、c-Myc等蛋白显著下调。结论:LINC01410具有促进ESCC细胞增殖和迁移的作用,其机制可能与激活EMT、Wnt/β-catenin等信号转导通路有关。
[关键词] 食管鳞癌;长链非编码RNA-LINC01410;增殖;迁移;Wnt/β-catenin信号转导通路
[Abstract] Background and purpose: Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC01410, with a length of 647 bp, participates in a variety of tumor biological processes. However, the role and mechanism of LINC01410 involved in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of LINC01410 promoting ESCC proliferation and invasion, to provide a potential prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for individuals with ESCC. Methods: Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2) databases were used to analyze the expression of LINC01410 and overall survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma data set in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed to identify the underlying signaling pathways involved in the biological effects of LINC01410 in ESCC. A total of 62 pairs of ESCC tissues and paracancerous tissues from ESCC patients who underwent radical surgery in the Department of Thoracic Surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College and the First People's Hospital of Pingdingshan City from January 2020 to December 2021 were collected. This project has been approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee (First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, No. 2018036; First People's Hospital of Pingdingshan City, No. 2019-018). The expression of LINC01410 in ESCC tissues was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTFQ-PCR). We transfected EC109 cells with LV-NC or LV-over/LINC01410 and EC9706 cells with shRNA-NC or shRNA-LINC01410. Stable transfected cells (EC109/NC, EC109/OE, EC9706/NC and EC9706/KD) were selected in primary cell culture medium containing puromycin. The expression of LINC01410 was detected by RTFQ-PCR. The impact of LINC01410 on ESCC cell proliferation was determined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and colony formation assays. The effect of LINC01410 on ESCC cell invasion was detected by transwell migration assay. T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (TCF/LEF1) luciferase reporter assay was performed to validate the effect of LINC01410 on the activity of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The expressions of Wnt/β-catenin and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signal pathway related proteins in ESCC cells were detected by Western blot. Results: By analyzing the LINC01410 expression from ESCC samples in TCGA by GEPIA2, we found LINC01410 was consistently increased in ESCC tumors compared with normal tissues (P<0.05), and high LINC01410 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS). RTFQ-PCR assay showed that expressions of LINC01410 were higher in esophageal cancer tissues and esophageal cancer cells (EC109 and EC9706) than in precancerous tissues and HEEC cells (P<0.05). The expression level of LINC01410 was significantly correlated with invasion range, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage in ESCC patients (P<0.01). LINC01410 expression was also upregulated in EC109/OE, however the expression of LINC01410 in EC9706/KD was decreased (P<0.01). MTT assay showed overexpression of LINC01410 increased the viability of EC109 cells, while knockdown of LINC01410 decreased the viability of EC9706 cells (P<0.01). Colony formation assay indicated that overexpression of LINC01410 enhanced the clonogenic ability of ESCC cells, while knockdown of LINC01410 reduced colony formation (P<0.01). Transwell migration assay showed that LINC01410 overexpression drastically increased the number of migratory cells, while silencing of LINC01410 suppressed the migration in EC9706 cells (P<0.01). GSEA revealed that Wnt/β-catenin and EMT pathways were significantly enriched in ESCC samples with a high level of LINC01410. TCF/LEF1 luciferase reporter assay showed higher levels of Wnt-dependent activities were observed in EC109/OE cells, whereas silenced LINC01410 in EC9706 cells led to contrary results (P<0.01). Western blot analysis showed that overexpression of LINC01410 in EC109 cell significantly increased the expression levels of N-cadherin, β-catenin, cyclin D1, c-Myc and decreased E-cadherin expression, while knockdown LINC01410 resulted in opposite results. Conclusion: LINC01410 promotes proliferation and metastasis of ESCC, which might be caused by activation of Wnt/β-catenin and EMT signaling pathways.
[Key words] Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; Long non-coding RNA; LINC01410; Proliferation; Invasion; Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
食管癌是中国常见的消化道恶性肿瘤,国家癌症中心发布的数据显示,2016年中国食管癌新发病例25.25万例,死亡病例19.39万例。食管鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,ESCC)最为常见,占85.79%[1]。手术、化疗、放疗及免疫治疗等在一定程度上提高了患者的生存率,但中晚期患者5年生存率仍较低(20%)[2-4]。目前ESCC发病机制尚不明确,研究发现,长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)在恶性肿瘤的发生、发展过程中扮演着重要角色,可作为肿瘤诊断的分子标志物及治疗靶点[5-6],在ESCC方面有哪些lncRNA参与其中,目前尚不清楚。LINC01410是近年来新发现的lncRNA,其定位于9号染色体62801461-62810186位置,全长约647 bp,研究[7-10]证实其在胃癌、骨肉瘤、结直肠癌、胶质瘤等恶性肿瘤中高表达,具有促进肿瘤发生、发展的作用,但LINC01410是否调控ESCC的发生、发展,未见相关报道。本研究旨在目探讨LINC01410促进ESCC细胞增殖和迁移的作用及其机制,以期为ESCC防治提供生物标志物及潜在治疗靶点。
1 材料和方法
1.1 主要材料
1.1.1 细胞株
人正常食管上皮细胞系HEEC及食管癌细胞系ESCCEC-109、EC9706购自中国科学院典型培养物保藏委员会细胞库/中国科学院上海生命科学研究院细胞资源中心。
1.1.2 临床标本
收集2020年1月—2021年12月在新乡医学院第一附属医院、平顶山市第一人民医院胸外科行根治性手术的ESCC患者新鲜肿瘤标本62例,选取距离肿瘤边缘5 cm的组织作为配对癌旁组织,标本切除后立即置于液氮中冻存备用。62例患者中男性33例,女性29例,年龄48~75岁,中位年龄58岁。所有患者术前未接受放疗、化疗等治疗,术后标本经病理学专家诊断确认为ESCC。根据国际抗癌联盟(Union for International Cancer Control,UICC)第8版TNM分期标准进行分期,其中Ⅰ~Ⅱ期49例,Ⅲ期13例。所有患者均签署知情同意书,本项目经医院伦理委员会批准(新乡医学院第一附属医院,编号:2018036;平顶山市第一人民医院,编号:2019-018)。
1.1.3 数据库及在线分析
应用基因表达谱交互分析2(Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2,GEPIA2;http://gepia2.cancer-pku.cn)在线分析癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)数据库ESCC患者中LINC01410在肿瘤组织与正常组织中的表达水平,根据参考文献[11]设置最优cut-off值(cut-off-high 44,cut-off-low 56)分析LINC01410表达水平与患者预后总生存期(overall survival,OS)的关系,应用基因探针富集分析(Gene Set Enrichment Analysis,GSEA)LINC01410在ESCC中可能调控的信号转导通路。
1.1.4 主要试剂
RPMI-1640培养基、胎牛血清购自美国Gibco公司,慢病毒空载对照载体(LV-NC)、慢病毒LINC01410过表达载体(LV-over/LINC01410)、慢病毒空载对照载体(shRNA-NC)、慢病毒LINC01410干扰载体(shRNA-LINC01410)购自上海汉恒生物科技有限公司,TRIzol RNA摄取试剂、LipofectamineTM3000转染试剂购自美国Invitrogen公司,反转录试剂盒、实时荧光定量试剂盒购自日本Toyobo公司,transwell小室购自美国Corning公司,免疫荧光二抗CY3和羊抗兔IgG购自武汉博士德生物工程有限公司,T细胞因子/淋巴增强因子1(T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor 1,TCF/LEF1)-Luc荧光报告基因质粒购自上海吉满生物科技有限公司,双荧光素酶报告基因检测试剂盒购自美国Promega公司,蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)检测所需抗体E-cadherin、N-cadherin、β-cantenin、cyclin D1、c-Myc等购自美国CST公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 细胞培养
采用含10%胎牛血清、100 U/mL青霉素、100 μg/mL链霉素的RPMI-1640培养基培养细胞,采用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化传代,选取对数生长期的细胞进行实验。
1.2.2 细胞转染
取对数生长期的ESCC细胞,消化后接种于6孔板中过夜,在EC109细胞中加入LV-NC、LV-over/LINC01410,在EC9706细胞中加入sh-NC及sh-LINC01410慢病毒载体感染细胞,于48 h后采用RTFQ-PCR检测LINC01410的表达水平,采用puromycin筛选过表达LINC01410细胞株EC109/NC、EC109/OE及干扰LINC01410的细胞株EC9706/NC、EC9706/KD。
1.2.3 实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RTFQ-PCR)
采用TRIzol 提取组织及细胞的总RNA,采用反转录试剂盒将RNA反转录成cDNA,采用实时荧光定量SYBR RTFQ-PCR试剂盒进行PCR反应,具体操作按照试剂盒说明书进行。LINC01410 基因的正向引物为5 ’ -ACAGCCCTGAGTGAA-AAGTCC-3’,反向引物为5’-ACAAGATGCCTT GGAGTGTCA-3’;GAPDH基因的正向引物为5’-TCAAGAAGGTGGTGAAGCAGG-3’,反向引物为5’-TCAAAGGTGGAGGAGTGGGT-3’。LINC01410相对表达水平以2-∆∆Ct表示。
1.2.4 噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法实验
细胞常规消化后接种于96孔板,置于培养箱中常规培养48 h后,每孔加入MTT(5 mg/mL)20 μL,在细胞培养箱中继续培养4 h。弃去上清液,每孔加入150 μL DMSO,振荡后酶联免疫检测仪于490 nm处测定每孔的吸光度(D)值,计算细胞存活率。细胞存活率=实验组细胞D值/对照组细胞D值×100%。
1.2.5 细胞克隆实验
细胞常规消化,将500个细胞接种至含2 mL细胞培养基的6孔板中,置于培养箱中培养1~2周,根据培养液pH变化更换新鲜培养液;当6孔板中克隆数大于50个时终止培养,弃去培养液,磷酸缓冲盐溶液(phosphate-buffered saline,PBS)冲洗两次,自然干燥后甲醇固定,苏木精染色,于显微镜下计数大于50个细胞的克隆数,克隆形成率=集落数/接种细胞数×100%。
1.2.6 Transwell迁移实验
ESCC细胞常规消化后,用无血清培养基重悬,调整细胞密度为2.5×105个/mL,取200 μL细胞悬液加入上室,下室中加入600 μL完全培养基,置于细胞培养箱,24 h后取出小室,无水甲醇固定10 min,1%结晶紫染色20 min。显微镜下进行拍照和计数。随机选取5个视野致进行统计分析。
1.2.7 双荧光素酶报告基因实验
取对数生长期的过表达LINC01410细胞株EC109/NC、EC109/OE及干扰LINC01410的细胞株EC9706/NC、EC9706/KD,消化后接种于黑色96孔板中过夜,采用LipofectamineTM3000在细胞中转染TCF/LEF1-Luc荧光报告基因质粒和海肾荧光(renilla luciferase)报告基因,24 h后收集细胞并采用PLB裂解缓冲液进行裂解,采用双荧光素酶检测试剂盒检测荧光活性,具体操作按照试剂盒说明书进行。荧光活性=萤火虫萤光素酶读值(主报告基因)/海肾萤光素酶读值(内参基因)。
1.2.8 Western blot检测蛋白表达
ESCC细胞常规培养24 h,加入蛋白裂解液,冰上裂解1 h。4 ℃下12 000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液,采用二辛可宁酸(bicinchoninic acid,BCA)分析试剂盒测定蛋白浓度后,-80 ℃储存备用。30 μg蛋白质在十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离,半干法转移至聚偏二氟乙烯膜上,5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭2 h,一抗4 ℃过夜,含有吐温-20三乙醇胺的缓冲盐溶液(Tris-buffered saline Tween,TBST)洗膜3次;加入二抗室温温育2 h,TBST洗膜3次;加入电化学发光(electrochemical luminescence,ECL)发光液暗室中X线片显影,图像扫描,以GAPDH蛋白的表达为内参照,应用凝胶图象分析软件分析目标条带灰度值。实验重复3次。
1.2.9 统计学处理
数据以x±s表示,计量资料两组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间比较采用最小显著差异法(least significant difference,LSD)方法;计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验,Kaplan-Meier法绘制无进展生存(progression-free survival,PFS)曲线,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计学分析。
2 结 果
2.1 LINC01410在TCGA-食管癌数据中的表达情况及对总生存的影响
应用GEPIA2数据库在线分析TCGA-食管癌数据集中LINC01410的表达水平,结果显示,在ESCC组织中LINC01410表达水平显著高于食管正常组织,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,图1A)。生存分析显示,低表达LINC01410的ESCC患者生存率显著高于高表达LINC01410的患者(P=0.042,图1B)。
图1 LINC01410在TCGA-食管癌数据库中的表达水平及对患者预后的影响
Fig. 1 The expression of LINC01410 in TCGA-ESCA database and the effect of LINC01410 on the prognosis of esophageal cancer patients
A: The expression of LINC01410 in esophageal cancer tissues and para-cancerous tissues; B. Kaplan–Meier analysis of overall survival in esophageal cancer patients with high LINC01410 expression versus low LINC01410 expression from TCGA cohort. *: P<0.05, compared with para-cancerous tissues. ESCA: Esophageal cancer.
2.2 LINC01410在ESCC组织及细胞株中表达水平
RTFQ-PCR结果显示,与癌旁组织相比,LINC01410在ESCC组织中显著高表达(2.53±0.17 vs 1.00±0.08,P<0.05)。在正常食管上皮细胞HEEC细胞中LINC01410的表达水平为(1.00±0.04),在EC109细胞中的表达水平为(1.74±0.06),在EC9706细胞中的表达水平为(2.86±0.07),与正常食管上皮细胞HEEC相比,LINC01410在ESCC细胞中显著高表达(P <0.05,图2 A,B)。
图2 LINC01410在在ESCC组织及细胞系中表达情况
Fig. 2 The expression of LINC01410 in ESCC tissues and cell lines
A: The expression of LINC01410 in 62 paired ESCC and para-cancerous tissues. The expression of LINC01410 in human esophageal epithelial cell and ESCC cell lines. *: P<0.05, 0.01, compared with HEEC cells; **: P<0.01, compared with HEEC cells.
2.3 LINC01410表达水平与ESCC患者临床病理参数的关系
以LINC01410相对表达量的中位数为标准,将62例ESCC患者分为LINC01410高表达组和低表达组,结果发现,LINC01410表达水平与患者肿瘤浸润程度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期等具有显著相关性(P<0.01),而与ESCC患者性别、年龄无显著相关性(P>0.05,表1),提示LINC01410参与ESCC的发生、发展过程。
2.4 细胞转染慢病毒载体后LINC01410表达情况
RTFQ-PCR结果显示,LINC01410在EC109/NC细胞中的表达水平为(1.00 ±0.05),在EC109/OE细胞中的表达水平为(1 430.00±14.21),两组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);EC9706/KD细胞中LINC01410表达水平为(0.35 ± 0.01),与EC9706/NC的细胞(1.00±0.03)相比,LINC01410显著下降(P <0.01),表明转染成功。
2.5 LINC01410对ESCC细胞增殖的影响
MTT结果显示,EC109/OE细胞48 h时细胞活性为(195±13)%,与EC109/NC相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);EC9706/KD细胞48 h时细胞活性为(59±4)%,与EC9706/NC相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,图3A)。细胞克隆形成实验结果显示,EC109/OE细胞克隆数为(125.23±4.21)个,与EC109/NC [(48.67±3.06)个]相比显著增多,EC9706/KD细胞克隆数为(54.24±5.13)个,与EC9706/NC[(119.36± 6.21)]个相比明显减少(P <0.01,图3B)。
图3 LINC01410对ESCC细胞增殖的影响
Fig. 3 The impact of LINC01410 on the proliferation of ESCC cell lines
A: The effect of LINC01410 overexpression or knockdown on the ESCC cell viability; B: The effect of LINC01410 overexpression or knockdown on the ESCC cell proliferation. **: P<0.01, compared with EC109/NC or EC9706/NC cells.
2.6 LINC01410对ESCC细胞迁移的影响
Transwell迁移实验结果显示,EC109/NC、EC109/OE细胞株迁移的细胞数分别为(99.33±11.39)个和(285.67±18.15)个,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);EC9706/NC、EC9706/KD细胞迁移的细胞数分别为(114.21 ± 9.78)个和(72.19 ± 9.02)个,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,图4)。
图4 LINC01410对ESCC细胞迁移的影响
Fig. 4 The effect of LINC01410 on the migration of ESCC cell lines
**: P<0.01, compared with EC109/NC or EC9706/NC cells.
2.7 LINC01410可能调控的信号转导通路分析
应用GSEA 分析了在ESCC数据集中LINC01410可能富集的信号转导通路。结果显示,LINC01410高表达主要富集的信号转导通路包括Wnt/β-catenin信号转导通路、促分裂素原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)信号转导通路及上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)等信号转导通路上,其中与肿瘤增殖和转移相关的Wnt/β-catenin、EMT等信号转导通路在高表达LINC01410的ESCC中被显著激活(图5)。
图5 GSEA富集分析LINC01410可能调控的信号转导通路
Fig. 5 GSEA analyses of LINC01410 regulated pathways in TCGA-ESCC cohort
A: Top 20 signaling positively-regulated by LINC01410 using GSEA-KEGG pathway analysis; B: Wnt/β-catenin and EMT signaling pathway-related signatures were analyzed by GSEA-hallmark.
2.8 LINC01410对ESCC细胞Wnt/β-catenin信号转导通路TCF/LEF1启动子活性的影响
双荧光素酶报告基因实验结果提示,EC109/OE中TCF/LEF1启动子相对活性是EC109/NC的4.12倍,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,图6A);EC9706/KD中TCF/LEF1启动子相对活性是EC109/NC的0.38倍,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,图6B)。
图6 LINC01410对ESCC细胞TCF/LEF1启动子活性的影响
Fig. 6 The impact of LINC01410 on the TCF/LFE1 luciferase activity in ESCC cell lines
A: LINC01410 overexpression in EC109 cells increase TCF/LFE1 luciferase activity; B: Knockdown of LINC01410 in EC-9706 decreased TCF/LFE1 luciferase activity. **: P<0.01, compared with EC109/NC or EC9706/NC cells.
2.9 LINC01410对ESCC细胞Wnt/β-catenin、EMT信号转导通路相关蛋白的影响
Western blot结果显示:与EC109/NC细胞相比,EC109/OE细胞中E-cadherin蛋白表达下调,而N-cadherin、β-cantenin、cyclin D1、c-Myc等蛋白显著上调;与EC9706/NC细胞相比,E-cadherin蛋白表达上调,而N-cadherin、β-cantenin、cyclin D1、c-Myc等蛋白显著下调(图7)。
图7 LINC01410对ESCC细胞EMT、Wnt/β-catenin信号转导通路相关蛋白的影响
Fig.7 The effect of LINC01410 on EMT and Wnt/β-catenin pathway related proteins in ESCC cells
3 讨 论
lncRNA是不具备编码蛋白的长度超过200 nt的RNA,其在表观遗传调控、转录调控以及转录后调控等多种层面上影响靶基因的表达[12]。近年来研究[5-6]表明,lncRNA参与细胞的多种生理与病理生理学过程,并在肿瘤等疾病的发生、发展中发挥重要作用,已经成为当前肿瘤研究的重点和前沿热点。研究[13]发现,lncRNA表达异常参与ESCC的发生、发展过程,如lncRNA-SNHG16通过调节RhoU mRNA的稳定性促进食管鳞状细胞癌发生、发展;MALAT1通过竞争性结合miR-200a促进ESCC的侵袭和转移[14]。由于中国ESCC发病具有显著的地域差异,其中豫北太行山脉附近是ESCC高发区[15],那么该地区的食管癌又与哪些lncRNA表达异常有关,目前尚不明确。
研究[7-10]发现,LINC01410在胃癌、肠癌、胶质瘤等多种恶性肿瘤中高表达,通过吸附miR-532-5p激活NCF2/NF-κB信号轴促进胃癌血管新生和转移;通过调控miR-506-3p上调NOTCH2,从而激活Notch信号转导通路促进脑胶质瘤进展;通过靶向STAT5诱导ErbB信号转导通路促进胆囊癌的增殖和侵袭[16]。
本研究发现,在TCGA数据库中LINC01410在 ESCC组织中显著高表达,且高水平LINC01410的患者总生存期较低水平患者明显缩短;在临床ESCC病例中,LINC01410相对表达量显著高于癌旁组织,且LINC01410高表达与肿瘤浸润程度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期等具有显著相关性,这提示LINC01410在ESCC中扮演促癌角色。在细胞实验中,我们发现过表达LINC01410后,细胞活性和细胞克隆数显著增多,同时细胞迁移能力增强,而干扰LINC01410后,细胞活性和细胞克隆数显著减少,细胞迁移能力减弱,这提示LINC01410具有促进细胞增殖和迁移的作用。为探讨LINC01410促ESCC增殖和迁移的作用机制,本研究首先应用GSEA富集分析LINC01410可能调控的信号转导通路。结果显示,与肿瘤增殖和转移相关的Wnt/β-catenin信号转导通路、MAPK信号转导通路及EMT等信号转导通路在LINC01410高表达的肿瘤组织显著富集。研究[17-18]证实,Wnt/β-catenin信号转导通路在肿瘤发生、发展过程中起着重要作用,该信号转导通路活化后β-catenin在细胞内聚集并向细胞核移位,与核内TCF/LEF家族结合,激活下游cyclin D1、c-Myc等靶基因转录,促进EMT的发生,最终导致肿瘤生长和转移。因此我们采用Western blot检测Wnt/β-catenin和EMT信号转导通路相关蛋白表达情况,结果显示,过表达LINC01410后E-cadherin蛋白表达下调,而N-cadherin、β-cantenin、cyclin D1、c-Myc等蛋白显著上调;但是干扰LINC01410后,E-cadherin蛋白表达上调,N-cadherin、β-cantenin、cyclin D1、c-Myc等蛋白显著下调,提示LINC01410可能通过调控Wnt/β-catenin、EMT信号转导通路促进ESCC细胞的增殖和迁移。
综上,LINC01410具有促进ESCC细胞增殖和迁移的作用,其机制可能与激活EMT、Wnt/β-catenin等信号转导通路有关;LINC01410是预测食管癌发生、发展的生物标志物,也是潜在的治疗靶点。但是LINC01410是如何调控EMT、Wnt/β-catenin等信号转导通路,其主要定位于ESCC细胞的细胞核还是细胞质,LINC01410直接下游靶基因有哪些,仍需进一步研究。
利益冲突声明:所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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